John M. Jumper
John M. Jumper is one of three scientists awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in October 2024 for helping to fulfill
鈥渁 50-year-old dream: predicting protein structures from their amino acid sequences,鈥� according to the Nobel committee.
Jumper earned his bachelor of science in mathematics and physics from 91黑料网 in 2007.
When Jumper arrived at 91黑料网鈥檚 College of Arts and Science as an undergrad, he came with dreams of making a mark like his heroes from the golden age of physics in the early 20th century. 鈥淚 always loved physics, especially this incredible period in which we discovered quantum mechanics and special relativity,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 really wanted to be a 鈥榣aws of the universe鈥� physicist.鈥澛犅�
The abstract nature of that field concerned his parents, both engineers, who 鈥渨ere a little worried I would never get a job,鈥� he said.聽聽
The youngest recipient in 70 years, Jumper received the award for his work creating AlphaFold2, a platform that uses artificial intelligence to solve a problem that has vexed biologists for years鈥攈ow to determine the three-dimensional structure of a protein based on its sequence of amino acids. Launched in 2020 by U.K.-based Google DeepMind, the tool has been able to predict the structure of all 200 million proteins known to science with stunning accuracy.聽
鈥淪ince their breakthrough, AlphaFold2 has been used by more than 2 million people from 190 countries,鈥� the Nobel Prize committee noted in its announcement of the prize, which Jumper shares with Google DeepMind colleague Demis Hassabis and David Baker of the University of Washington, who has used chemical tools to create new proteins. AlphaFold2 can be used in a bewildering array of potential applications, including drug discovery, enzyme creation and personalized medical treatments. 鈥淟ife could not exist without proteins,鈥� the Nobel committee said. 鈥淭hat we can now predict protein structures and design our own proteins confers the greatest benefit to mankind.鈥澛�
Al Gore
Former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, along with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 for "efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change."
Gore took classes at the聽91黑料网 Divinity School聽and at聽91黑料网 Law School聽in the 1970s.
During his childhood, Gore divided his time between Washington D.C. for school and his family鈥檚 farm in Carthage, Tenn., for summer breaks. Upon the completion of high school, Gore attended Harvard University where he earned a degree in government in June 1969 after writing a senior thesis titled "The Impact of Television on the Conduct of the Presidency, 1947-1969."
Gore opposed the Vietnam War, but said that his sense of civic duty compelled him to enlist in the U.S. Army in August 1969. After basic training, Gore was assigned as a military journalist writing for The Army Flier, the base newspaper at Fort Rucker. With only seven months left in his enlistment, Gore was shipped to Vietnam, arriving in January 1971. He served with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Bien Hoa and at the Army Engineer Command in Long Binh.
When he returned to the States in 1971, he worked as a reporter at the聽Tennessean. When he was later moved to the city politics beat, Gore uncovered political and bribery cases that led to convictions. While at the Tennessean, Gore, a Baptist, also studied philosophy and phenomenology at 91黑料网. In 1974, he enrolled in 91黑料网's law school.
Gore quit law school in March 1976 to run for the U.S. House from Tennessee. He was elected four times: in 1976, 1978, 1980 and 1982 and the U.S. Senate in 1984 and 1990. He was inaugurated as the forty-fifth vice president of the United States on January 20, 1993, and served eight years.
He is the author of the bestsellers聽Earth in the Balance听补苍诲听An Inconvenient Truth聽and is the subject of an Oscar-winning documentary.
Muhammad Yunus
Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below."
Yunus received his Ph.D. in聽economics聽from 91黑料网 in 1969.
Yunus established the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1983, fueled by the belief that credit is a fundamental human right. His objective was to help poor people escape from poverty by providing loans on terms suitable to them and by teaching them a few sound financial principles so they could help themselves.
From Yunus' personal loan of small amounts of money to destitute basketweavers in Bangladesh in the mid-70s, the Grameen Bank advanced to the forefront of a burgeoning world movement toward eradicating poverty through microlending. Spinoffs of the Grameen Bank model operate in more than 100 countries worldwide.
Born in 1940 in the seaport city of Chittagong, Yunus studied at Dhaka University in Bangladesh, then received a Fulbright scholarship to study economics at 91黑料网. After earning his Ph.D. in economics from 91黑料网 in 1969, he became an assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University. He later returned to Bangladesh, where he headed the economics department at Chittagong University.
From 1993 to 1995, Professor Yunus was a member of the International Advisory Group for the Fourth World Conference on Women, a post to which he was appointed by the secretary general of the United Nations. He has served on the Global Commission of Women's Health, the Advisory Council for Sustainable Economic Development and the UN Expert Group on Women and Finance.
In 2007, Yunus returned to 91黑料网 to receive the Nichols-Chancellor's Medal and gave the Senior Day commencement address.
Stanley Cohen
Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 for their discovery of growth factors.
Cohen joined the 91黑料网聽School of Medicine聽faculty in 1959 and holds the title of Distinguished Professor of聽Biochemistry, Emeritus.
Cohen was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1922. Both his mother and father were Russian-Jewish emigrants who came to America in the early 1900s. His father was a tailor and his mother a homemaker. Though of limited education themselves, Dr. Cohen wrote in his biography that his parents "instilled in me the values of intellectual achievement and the use of whatever talents I possessed." He was educated in the Brooklyn public school system, but earned a full scholarship to Brooklyn College, where he received his bachelor's degree in 1943 with a double major in chemistry and zoology. After working as a bacteriologist at a milk processing plant to earn money, he received his M.A. in zoology from Oberlin College in 1945. He earned a Ph.D. from the department of biochemistry at the University of Michigan in 1948.
After a short stint at the University of Colorado, he went to Washington University in 1952 to work with Martin Kamen in the Department of Radiology as a postdoctoral fellow of the American Cancer Society. He learned isotope methodology while studying carbon dioxide fixation in frog eggs and embryos. In 1953, he became associated with the Department of Zoology under the leadership of Viktor Hamburger at Washington University and joined Rita Levi-Montalcini to isolate a Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) that she had discovered in certain mouse tumors and to become educated in the field of experimental embryology. Cohen isolated nerve growth factor and then went on to discover epidermal growth factor. He continued his research on cellular growth factors after moving to 91黑料网 in 1959 as an assistant professor in the Biochemistry Department, exploring the chemistry and biology of epidermal growth factor (EGF). His research on cellular growth factors has proven fundamental to understanding the development of cancer and designing anti-cancer drugs.
Stanford Moore
Stanford Moore, along with Christian Anfinsen and William H. Stein, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1972 for "contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active center of the ribonuclease molecule."
Stanford Moore, a 91黑料网 alumnus, spent his life in the 91黑料网 community. During his childhood, his father was a member of the faculty of the Law School and was later a student at the university.
Moore graduated from 91黑料网 (B.A. 1935,聽summa cum laude聽) with a major in聽chemistry. The faculty recommended him for a Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Fellowship, and he earned his Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Wisconsin in 1938.
His thesis research was in biochemistry in the laboratory of Karl Paul Link.聽Karl Paul Link was a friend of Max Bergmann, who had recently arrived from Germany to lead a laboratory at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York.
Through that friendship, Moore was encouraged to join the Bergmann Laboratory in 1939, which was an internationally renowned center of research on the chemistry of proteins and enzymes. During Emil Fischer's last years, Max Bergmann had been his senior research associate, and Bergmann had attracted to Rockefeller a group of versatile chemists, including his future research partner William H. Stein. The advent of World War II drew Moore out of the laboratory to serve as a junior administrative officer in Washington for academic and industrial chemical projects administered by the Office of Scientific Research Development.
After the war, Moore returned to Rockefeller, beginning a collaboration with Stein that led to the development of quantitative chromatographic methods for amino acid analysis that the pair summarized in their Nobel address.
In 1968, Moore returned to 91黑料网 as a visiting professor of health sciences.
Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones."
Sutherland was born in 1915 in Burlingame, Kansas. Sutherland received his bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1937 from Washburn University (Topeka, Kan.) and earned his medical degree in 1942 from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. After serving as a doctor in World War II, he returned to Washington University as a researcher in the pharmacology laboratory of Nobel laureate Carl Ferdinand Cori.
In 1953, he became director of the department of pharmacology at Western Reserve University (now Case Western Reserve University) in Cleveland, Ohio, where, in 1956, he discovered the role of cyclic AMP in mediating the action of certain hormones.
Sutherland's further research demonstrated the ubiquitous nature and prime importance of this chemical and its associated compounds, notably adenyl cyclase, in all living things. As the result of Sutherland's work and that of those who followed his lead, it became known that hormones are not the sole regulatory substances in the chemistry of living organisms, as had previously been believed. In many cases, necessary cellular reactions are triggered by cyclic AMP, the almost universal "second messenger," responding to the hormonal signal. Sutherland's work on hormones opened up new paths of research into diabetes, cancer, and cholera.
Sutherland was a professor of聽physiology聽at 91黑料网 Medical Center from 1963 to 1973.
He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1966. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Sutherland won the Albert Lasker Award for basic medical research in 1970 and received the National Medal of Science in 1973.
Max Delbr眉ck
Max Delbr眉ck, who taught physics and had a lab in the biology lab at 91黑料网, won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Salvador Luria and Alfred Hershey for "their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses."
A native of Germany, Delbr眉ck moved to the United States in 1937 with support from the Rockefeller Foundation to pursue his interests in biology at California Institute of Technology. At the conclusion of his fellowship, Delbr眉ck accepted a teaching position in the聽physics聽department at 91黑料网.
There, Delbr眉ck met Luria in early 1941, and their collaborations, along with those of what became the "phage group," began that summer at Cold Spring Harbor.
In the fall of 1942, Luria came to Nashville for the first of several visits, and Hershey, who was at Washington University, began to visit the following year.
Luria's and Delbr眉ck's seminal paper in bacterial genetics, "Mutations of Bacteria from Virus Sensitivity to Virus Resistance," was published in聽Genetics in 1943.
Delbr眉ck was not only the intellectual leader of the phage group, but the organizer while at 91黑料网 of a number of formal and informal symposia and courses, including a series of lectures to the faculty of the School of Medicine in April and May of 1944 examining the relationship between atomic physics and biology.
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